About:

This text is principally intended to be used by students and teachers of echocardiography, although it is anticipated that all Echo practices will find it to be a useful educational guide and resource.

Chapters cover the basic principles of ultrasound imaging and Doppler techniques as well as the echocardiographic examination, with respect to standard echocardiographic images and views, image optimisation and echocardiographic measurements. Precise details of measurement techniques and their limitations are included. Numerous “Practical Examples” are also incorporated to illustrate the clinical application of various echocardiographic calculations along with additional “Technical Tips” showing examples of common measurement errors and ways to avoid them. Key points are emphasised in numerous information panels scattered throughout the text.

Since the release of the first edition of "Echocardiography: The Normal Examination and Echocardiographic Measurements" more than 16 years ago, the popularity of this title has risen to see it become a core text for schools and students of echocardiography worldwide. It can also be found in many echocardiographic laboratories where it is used as a reference tool and in the ongoing training and development of cardiac sonographers and registrars.

The basic structure of this third edition remains essentially the same as the earlier editions with chapter themes and topics remaining unchanged, although reference values and other essential information have been updated. New images, extra tips and clinical examples have also been added, which are all aimed at furthering the reader's understanding of this fascinating field.

Real-time images which correspond to figures in the book will be made available on www.echotext.info.



About the Author:

Also the author of "A Sonographer's Guide to the Assessment of Heart Disease", Bonita Anderson is currently Senior Lecturer in Cardiac Ultrasound at the Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia. Bonita has over 30 years experience as a sonographer and educator in echocardiography at The Prince Charles Hospital, also in Brisbane. An Accredited Medical Sonographer, Bonita holds a Diploma in Medical Ultrasonography (Cardiac), a Master of Applied Science (Medical Ultrasound) and has the CCI Advanced Cardiac Sonographer credential. She also has a Fellowship of the Americian Society of Echocardiography (FASE) and an Associate Fellowship of the Australiasian Sonographers Association (AFASA). A popular international lecturer in echocardiography, Bonita is often complimented on her ability to explain complex concepts in an easy-to-understand manner.



Table of Contents:

Chapter 1: Basic Principles of Two-Dimensional Ultrasound Imaging
Introduction
Fundamental Principles of Ultrasound
Image Production
Image Resolution
Image Optimisation via Ultrasound Instrument Controls
2D Imaging Artefacts
Bioeffects and Safety
Further Reading

Chapter 2: The Two-Dimensional Echocardiographic Examination
Introduction
Acoustic Windows
Imaging Planes
Standard 2D Images
Orientation and Probe Manipulations
The Parasternal Position and Imaging Views
The Apical Position and Imaging Views
The Subcostal Position and Imaging Views
The Suprasternal Position and Imaging Views
Additional Acoustic Windows
Further Reading

Chapter 3: Basic Principles of M-Mode Echocardiography
Introduction
Basic Principles of M-mode
Advantages of M-Mode
Disadvantages of M-Mode
Optimisation of M-mode Traces
Further Reading

Chapter 4: Basic Principles of M-Mode Echocardiography
Introduction
M-Mode Examination of the Aorta, Aortic Valve and Left Atrium
M-Mode Examination of the Mitral Valve
M-Mode Examination of the Left Ventricle
M-Mode Examination of the Pulmonary Valve
M-Mode Examination of the Tricuspid Valve
Further Reading

Chapter 5: Basic Principles of Spectral Doppler
Introduction
Normal and Abnormal Blood Flow
The Doppler Principle
Pressure Determination
The Spectral Doppler Display
Doppler Modalities and Principles
Spectral Doppler Controls and Optimisation of Spectral Doppler Signals
Spectral Doppler Artefacts
Further Reading

Chapter 6: The Spectral Doppler Examination
Introduction
Doppler Examination of Mitral Valve Inflow
Doppler Tissue Imaging of the Mitral Annulus
Doppler Examination of Pulmonary Venous Flow
Doppler Examination of the Left Ventricular Outflow Tract
Doppler Examination of the Aortic Valve
Doppler Examination of the Descending Aorta
Doppler Examination of the Abdominal Aorta
Doppler Examination of the Right Ventricular Outflow Tract
Doppler Examination of the Pulmonary Valve
Doppler Examination of Tricuspid Valve Inflow
Doppler Tissue Imaging of the Tricuspid Annulus
Doppler Examination of Hepatic Venous Flow
Doppler Examination of Superior Vena Caval Flow
Further Reading

Chapter 7: Basic Principles of Colour Flow Doppler Imaging
Introduction
Colour Flow Doppler Principles
The Colour Doppler Display
Optimisation of Colour Flow Doppler Images
Colour Flow Doppler Artefacts
Further Reading

Chapter 8: The Colour Flow Doppler Examination
Introduction
Colour Flow Doppler Examination of LA Inflow
Colour Flow Doppler Examination of LV Inflow
Colour Flow Doppler Examination of LV Outflow
Colour Flow Doppler Examination of Aortic Flow
Colour Flow Doppler Examination of RA Inflow
Colour Flow Doppler Examination of RV Inflow
Colour Flow Doppler Examination of RV Outflow and Pulmonary Artery
Colour Flow Doppler Examination of the Septa
Further Reading

Chapter 9: Two-Dimensional Echocardiographic Measurements and Calculations
Introduction
Measurements of the Left Ventricle
Measurements of the Right Ventricle
Measurements of the Left and Right Atria
Measurements of the Annuli
Measurements of the Great Vessels
Measurements of Valve Areas
Further Reading

Chapter 10: M-Mode Echocardiographic Measurements and Calculations
Introduction
Measurements of the Aorta, LA and IVC
Measurements of the Left Ventricle
Measurements of the Right Ventricle
Valvular Stenosis and LVOT Obstruction
Intracardiac Pressure Estimation
Further Reading

Chapter 11: Doppler Haemodynamic Calculations
Introduction
Volumetric Flow Calculations
The Continuity Principle
The Bernoulli Equation
Intracardiac Pressure Estimation
Further Reading

Chapter 12: Doppler Valve Area Calculations
Introduction
Continuity Equation for Valve Area Calculations
Mitral Valve Area by PISA
Mitral Valve Area by Pressure Half-Time and Deceleration Time Methods
Further Reading

Chapter 13: Doppler Quantification of Regurgitation Lesions
Introduction
Spectral Doppler Indicators of Significant Regurgitation
Colour Flow Doppler Imaging of Regurgitant Jets
Quantitative Methods for Valvular Regurgitation
Further Reading

Chapter 14: Doppler Assessment of Ventricular Systolic Function
Introduction
Stroke Volume, Cardiac Output and Cardiac Index Calculations
dP/dt
Systolic Myocardial Velocities
Myocardial Performance Index
Strain and Strain Rate Imaging
Further Reading

Chapter 15: Assessment of Diastolic Function
Introduction
Definitions
Assessment of LV Diastolic Function
Assessment of RV Diastolic Function
Further Reading

Appendices

Index