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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction to the Developing Human
Developmental Periods 2
Significance of Embryology 8
Historical Gleanings 9
Descriptive Terms in Embryology 14
Clinically Oriented Problems 14
2. The Beginning of Human Development: The First Week 17
Gametogenesis 18
Uterus, Uterine Tubes, and Ovaries 24
Female Reproductive Cycles 27
Transportation of Gametes 32
Maturation of Sperms 33
Viability of Gametes 34
Fertilization 34
Formation of Blastocyst (Blastogenesis) 41
Summary of the First Week of Development 43
Clinically Oriented Problems 45
3. Formation of Bilaminar Embryonic Disc and Chorionic Sac:
The Second Week 47
Completion of Implantation and Continuation of Embryonic
Development 48
Development of the Chorionic Sac 51
Implantation Sites of the Blastocyst 54
Summary of Implantation of the Blastocyst 58
Summary of the Second Week of Development 58
Clinically Oriented Problems 59
4, Formation of Germ Layers and Early Tissue and Organ
Differentiation: The Third Week 63
Gastrulation: Formation of Germ Layers 64
Neurulation: Formation of Neural Tube 72
Development of Somites 72
Development of Intraembryonic Coelom 74
Early Development of Cardiovascular System 75
Further Development of Chorionic villi 77
Summary of the Third Week of Development 79
Clinically Oriented Problems 80
5. Organogenetic Period: The Fourth to Eighth Weeks 83
Phases of Embryonic Development 85
Folding of the Embryo 85
Germ Layer Derivatives 87
Control of Embryonic Development 89
Highlights or the Fourth to Eighth Weeks 90
Estimation of Embryonic Age 103
Summary of the Fourth to Eighth Weeks of Development 104
Clinically Oriented Problems 104
6. The Fetal Period: Ninth Week to Birth 107
Estimation of Fetal Age 109
Highlights or the Fetal Period 110
Expected Date of Delivery 118
Factors Influencing Fetal Growth 119
Procedures for Assessing Fetal Status 120
Summary of Fetal Period 123
Clinically Oriented Problems 125
7. Placenta and Fetal Membranes 129
The Placenta 131
Parturition (Childbirth) 140
Amnion and Amniotic Fluid 150
Yolk Sac 154
Allantois 154
Multiple Pregnancies 154
Summary of Placenta and Fetal Membranes 162
Clinically Oriented Problems 164
8. Human Birth Defects 167
Teratology- Study of Abnormal Development 168
Anomalies Caused by Genetic Factors 169
Anomalies Caused by Environmental Factors 181
Anomalies Caused by Multifactorial Inheritance 195
Summary of Human Birth Defects 195
Clinically Oriented Problems 196
9. Body Cavities, Mesenteries, and Diaphragm 201
The Embryonic Body Cavity 203
Development of the Diaphragm 206
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia 209
Summary of Development of Body Cavities 212
Clinically Oriented Problems 213
10. The Pharyngeal (Branchial) Apparatus 215
Pharyngeal Arches 217
Pharyngeal Pouches 222
Pharyngeal Grooves 225
Pharyngeal Membranes 227
Development of the Thyroid Gland 230
Development of the Tongue 233
Development of the Salivary Glands 235
Development of the Face 236
Development of the Nasal Cavities 242
Development of the Palate 245
Summary of the Pharyngeal Apparatus 253
Clinically Oriented Problems 254
11. The Respiratory System 257
Development of the Larynx 259
Development or the Trachea 261
Development or the Bronchi and Lungs 262
summary of the Respiratory System 268
Clinically Oriented Problems 269
12. The Digestive System 271
tee Foregut 272
Development of the Spleen 283
The Midgut 283
The Hindgut 293
Summary of the Digestive System 298
Clinically Oriented Problems 300
13. The Urogenital System 303
Development of the Urinary System 305
Development or the Suprarenal Glands 319
Development of the Genital System 323
Development of the Inguinal Canals 341
Summary of the Urogenital System 344
Clinically Oriented Problems 345
14. The Cardiovascular System 349
Early Development of the Heart and Vessels 350
Final Prenatal Development of the Heart 358
Anomalies of the Heart and Great vessels 372
Aortic Arch Derivatives 384
Aortic Arch Anomalies 389
Fetal and Neonatal Circulation 394
Development of the Lymphatic System 398
Summary of the Cardiovascular System 401
Clinically Oriented Problems 401
15. The Skeletal System -05
Development of Bone and Cartilage 407
Development of Joints 411
Development or Axial Skeleton 412
Development of Appendicular Skeleton 420
Summary of the Skeletal System 422
Clinically Oriented Problems 422
16. The Muscular System 425
Development of Skeletal Muscle 426
Development or Smooth Muscle 428
Development of Cardiac Muscle 428
Summary of the Muscular System 430
Clinically Oriented Problems 430
17. The Limbs 433
Early Stages of Limb Development 4~4
Final Stages of Limb Development 437
Dermatomes and Cutaneous Innervation of Limbs 437
Blood Supply to the Limbs 442
Anomalies of Limbs 444
Summary of Limb Development 448
Clinically Oriented Problems 449
18. The Nervous System 451
Origin of the Nervous System 453
Development of the Spinal Cord 455
Congenital Anomalies of the Spinal Cord 461
Development of the Brain 465
Congenital Anomalies of the Brain 477
Development of the Peripheral Nervous System 483
Development of the Autonomic Nervous System 486
Summary of the Nervous System 487
Clinically Oriented Problems 488
19. The Eye and Ear 491
Development of the Eye 492
Development of the Ear 503
Summary of Development of the Eye 510
Summary of Development of the Ear 510
Clinically Oriented Problems 511
20. The Integumentary System 513
Development of Skin 514
Development of Hair 517
Development of Nails 519
Development of Mammary bands 520
Development of Teeth 522
Summary of the Integumentary System 528
Clinically Oriented Problems 529
Discussion of Clinically Oriented Problems 531
Appendices 543
Timetable of Human Prenatal Development -
1 to 6 weeks
Timetable of Human Prenatal Development -
7 to 38 weeks
Critical Periods in Human Development 548
Index 549
