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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xv
1 The development of surgery from early times 1
Primitive surgery 1
Egyptian medicine 1
Greek medicine 3
Roman medicine 4
After the fall of the Roman Empire 5
The Renaissance- 15th-16th centuries 10
The 17th century - the century of experimental physiology 12
The 18th century- the development of scientific surgery 13
Early 19th century - before Pasteur and Lister 15
The cause and control of infection- the discoveries of
Pasteur and Lister 19
Surgical pioneers after Lister 20
English, Irish and European clinicians in the 17th-19th
centuries of relevance to the development of thoracic
surgery 21
Leading surgeons of the 20th century 22
Specialization in surgery 23
2 Pioneers in the emergence of thoracic surgery as a specialty 25
Early thoracic surgery 25
Lung surgery 27
Esophageal surgery 31
Heart surgery 32
3 Examination and investigation of the chest 37
Auenbrugger (the discovery of percussion) and Piorry (the
use of pleximetry) 37
R.T.H. Laennec, the stethoscope, and its further development 40
Davies and needle aspiration of the chest 46
Rontgen and the discovery of X-rays 46
Esophagoscopy and bronchoscopy 49
Thoracoscopy 53
Clinical estimation of temperature 54
The development of the sphygmomanometer 55
Bronchography 59
4 The development of electrocardiography, cardiac
catheterization and angiocardiography 63
P.R. Fleming
Electrocardiography 63
Cardiac catheterization 69
Angiocardiography 73
5 The discovery of the circulation of the blood 77
Hippocrates, Aristotle, Herophilus and Erasistratus, the
Greek epoch 77
Galen and his views on the function of the heart and the
motion of the blood 78
Ibn An-Nafis - Arabian physician who first questioned the
views of Galen 80
Leonardo da Vinci and Vesalius - the Renaissance 80
Servetus and Columbus - the discovery of the pulmonary
circulation 83
Fabricius of Aquapendente- `On the Valves of the Veins' 85
William Harvey- the founder of experimental physiology -
`the blood moves, as it were, in a circle' 85
Malpighi, van Swammerdam and van Leeuwenhoek - the capillary
circulation and the red blood corpuscles 89
6 Blood transfusion and blood letting 93
Blood transfusion 93
Blood letting 104
7 The development of cardiopulmonary resuscitation 113
Distinction between `apparent' death and `absolute' death 113
Artificial ventilation 114
Cardiac massage 120
Defibrillation of the ventricles 125
8 The development of thoracic anesthesia 131
J.E.S. Barry and A.P. Adams
Introduction 131
Evolution of inhalation anesthesia 131
Local anesthesia 133
Problems of thoracic surgery 134
World War I(1914-18) 139
Development of ventilators 140
9 The diagnosis and treatment of empyema 153
Introduction 153
Diagnosis of acute empyema 153
Treatment of acute empyema 154
Treatment of chronic empyema 175
10 The treatment of lung abscess 183
Introduction 183
Drainage procedures in the first half of the 19th century 183
Drainage procedures in the second half of the 19th century 186
The 20th century 196
11 The surgical treatment of tuberculosis 203
Open drainage of tuberculous cavities 203
Artificial pneumothorax 205
Phrenic nerve paralysis 209
Pneumoperitoneum 210
Plombage and extrapleural pneumothorax 210
Thoracoplasty 213
Lung resection 217
Tuberculous empyema 219
12 The surgical treatment of bronchiectasis 225
Early procedures 225
Other ineffective procedures in the early 20th century 227
Lung resection - 1920 onwards 228
Postural drainage 228
Late 20th century 229
13 The management of fractured ribs and wounds of the chest 231
Introduction 231
Fractured ribs 232
Open wounds of the chest 237
Hemothorax 241
Penetrating wounds 245
Retained foreign bodies in the lung 259
Transfixion injuries 262
14 The evolution of the technique of lung resection 267
Early experimental work and lung `resections' 267
The evolution of lobectomy 270
Pneumonectomy 281
Segmental resection 288
Bronchial closure 288
Sauerbruch, Meyer and Brauer - the negative- and
positive pressure systems 290
15 The development of specialized techniques for lung resection
and tracheal and bronchial reconstruction 297
Intrapericardial radical pneumonectomy 297
Bronchoplastic procedures 298
Lobectomy or pneumonectomy 299
16 Benign stricture of the esophagus 301
Unpleasant death from dysphagia 301
Bouginage 302
Mechanical dilatation 304
Use of gastrostomy, esophagostomy or esophagotomy 306
Use of electrolysis 309
Indwelling tube 310
Treatment in the Late 19th century 310
Esophageal replacement 310
Further developments 311
17 Resection and intubation for carcinoma of the esophagus 313
Introduction 313
Resection of the cervical esophagus 313
Resection of the thoracic esophagus 316
Intubation for carcinoma of the esophagus 328
18 Spontaneous rupture of the esophagus 335
Boerhaave's first report 335
Further reports of spontaneous rupture 336
Surgical emphysema 336
Suggested repair of esophageal rupture 337
Barrett's scholarly account of esophageal rupture 337
Successful suture of perforation 338
Delayed diagnosis and treatment 339
19 Pharyngoesophageal diverticulum 341
Etiology 341
Early treatments 343
One-stage and two-stage operations 344
Cricopharyngeal myotomy 345
20 Achalasia of the esophagus 349
Early cases 349
Etiology 350
Dilatation 351
Radical operations on the esophagus 352
Other procedures 355
21 Congenital abnormalities of the esophagus 359
Atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula 359
Atresia without tracheoesophageal fistula 363
Tracheoesophageal fistula without atresia 363
22 The thymus and myasthenia gravis 365
The thymus gland 365
Myasthenia gravis 365
23 The diaphragm - congenital, acquired and traumatic hernia 369
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia 369
Acquired hiatus hernia 373
Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia 376
24 Major pulmonary embolism 383
25 Intrathoracic aneurysms 391
Aortic aneurysm 391
Ventricular aneurysm 395
26 Injuries of the heart 399
Penetrating wounds 399
Nonpenetrating wounds 407
Embolization of missiles into the heart 407
27 Surgery of the pericardium 411
Drainage of the pericardium 411
Pericardiectomy 417
28 Congenital heart disease 425
Patent ductus arteriosus 425
Coarctation of the aorta 428
Tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary stenosis 432
Aortic stenosis 437
29 Acquired heart disease 443
Mitral stenosis 443
Coronary artery disease 454
30 Biography 461
31 Chronology 481
Index of names 489
Subject index 501
