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Contents
Acknowledgements xi
1 MR: What's the attraction? 1
1.1 It's not rocket science, but I like it
11.2 A brief history of medical imaging 2
1.3 How to use this book 4
Further reading 6
Part A The basic stuff
2 Early daze: your first week in MR 9
2.1 Introduction
92.2 Welcome to the MR unit 9
2.3 Safety first 13
2.4 The patient's journey 15
2.5 Basic clinical protocols 17
2.6 A week in the life of an MRI
radiographer 23
Further reading 25
3 Seeing is believing: introduction to image contrast27
3.1 Introduction 27
3.2 Some basic stuff 27
3.3 T,-weighted images 30
3.4 Tz-weighted images 31
3.5 PD-weighted images 34
3.6 Gradient-echo Ti-weighted images 35
3.7 Gradient-echo T z-weighted images 36
3.8 Gradient-echo PD-weighted images 39
3.9 STIR images 39
3.10 FLAIR images 40
3.11 Contrast agents 41
3.12 Angiographic images 44
Further reading 45
4 The devil's in the detail: pixels, matrices and slices46
4.1 Introduction 46
4.2 Digital and analogue images 46
4.3 Matrices, pixels and an introduction to resolution 51
4.4 Displaying images 55
4.5 What do the pixels represent? 56
4.6 From 2D to 3D 58
Further reading 62
5 What you set is what you get: basic
image optimization 63
5.1 Introduction 63
5.2 Looking on the bright side: what are we
trying to optimize? 63
5.3 Trading places: resolution, SNR and
scan time 67
5.4 Ever the optimist: practical steps to optimization
71
Further reading 76
6 Improving your image: how to avoid
artefacts 77
6.1 Introduction77
6.2 Keep still please: gross patient motion 7
76.3 Physiological motion 78
6.4 Motion artefacts from flow 84
6.5 Lose the fat! 86
6.6 Partial volume artefact and cross-talk 9
46.7 Phase sampling artefacts 96
6.8 Susceptibility and metal artefacts 99
6.9 Equipment artefacts 101
6.10 What's causing this artefact? 105
Further reading 105
7 Spaced out: spatial encoding 106 7.1 Introduction 106
7.2 Anatomy of a pulse sequence 106
7.3 From Larmor to Fourier via gradients 107
7.4 Something to get excited about: the
image slice 112
7.5 In-plane localization 117
7.6 Consequences of Fourier imaging 128
7.7 Speeding it up 132
7.8 3D FT 133
Further reading 134
8 Getting in tune: resonance and
relaxation 135
8.1 Introduction 135
8.2 Spinning nuclei 135
8.3 Measuring the magnetic moment 138
8.4 Creating echoes 141
8.5 Relaxation times 146
8.6 Relaxation time mechanisms 152
8.7 Measuring relaxation times in vivo 157
8.8 Contrast agent theory 160
Further reading 163
9 Let's talk technical: MR equipment 164
9.1 Introduction 164
9.2 Magnets 164
9.3 Gradients 170
9.4 Radiofrequency system 174
9.5 Computer systems 185
9.6 Open MRI systems 185
9.7 Siting and installation 187
Further reading 188
10 But is it safe? Bio-effects 189
10.1 Introduction 189
10.2 Radiofrequency effects 189
10.3 Gradient effects 191
10.4 Static field effects 193
Further reading 197
Part B The specialist stuff
11 Ghosts in the machine: quality control 201
11.1 Introduction 201
11.2 The quality cycle 201
11.3 Signal parameters 202
11.4 Geometric parameters 209
11.5 Relaxation parameters 214
11.6 Artefacts 215
11.7 Spectroscopic QA 216
Further reading 217
12 Acronyms anonymous: a guide to the pulse sequence
jungle 218
12.1 Introduction 218
12.2 Getting above the trees: a sequences
overview 218
12.3 RARING to go: spin-echo-based techniques 220
12.4 Spoiled for choice: gradient echo 23
212.5 Ultra-fast GE imaging 245
12.6 Pulse sequence conversion chart 252
Further reading 252
13 Go with the flow: MR angiography 255
13.1 Introduction 255
13.2 Effect of flow in conventional imaging techniques 255
13.3 Time-of-flight MR angiography 260
13.4 Phase-contrast angiography 264
13.5 Contrast-enhanced MR angiography 269
13.6 Novel contrast agents 273
Further reading 277
14 A heart to heart discussion: cardiac MRI 278
14.1 Introduction 27
814.2 Artefact challenges 278
14.3 Morphological imaging 281
14.4 Functional imaging 281
14.5 Cine phase-contrast velocity mapping 29
314.6 Myocardial perfusion imaging 295
14.7 Myocardial viability 297
14.8 Coronary artery imaging 297
Further reading 299
15 It's not just squiggles: in vivo
spectroscopy 300
15.1 Introduction 300
15.2 Some basic chemistry 301
15.3 Single-voxel spectroscopy 304
15.4 Processing of single-voxel spectra 310
15.5 Chemical shift imaging 312
15.6 Phosphorus spectroscopy 313
15.7 Other nuclei 315
Further reading 316
16 To BOLDly go: new frontiers 317
16.1 Introduction 317
16.2 EPI acquisition methods 317
16.3 Diffusion imaging 322
16.4 Perfusion imaging 328
16.5 Brain activation mapping using theBOLD effect 333
16.6 Hyperpolarized gases 337
16.7 New reconstruction methods 339
16.8 The final frontier 342
Further reading 342
Appendix: maths revision 343
A.1 Vectors 343
A.2 Sine and cosine waves 344
A.3 Exponentials 345
A.4 Complex numbers 34
5A.5 Simple Fourier analysis 346
A.6 Some useful constants 347
Index 348
Colour plates between pages 324 and 325.
